10月3日,备受瞩目的2018年诺贝尔化学奖揭晓,授予 Frances H.Arnold、George P.Smith、Sir Gregory P.Winter三人共同获得。
2018年诺贝尔化学奖得主之一弗朗西丝·阿诺德(Frances H.Arnold)首次实现了酶的定向进化。酶是一类能够催化化学反应的特殊蛋白质。通过定向进化制造的酶可用于生产包括生物燃料和药品在内的多种产品。
让我们把目光从荣誉的领奖台放到这个女科学家身上,这个经历了中年丧子、癌症、两度丧夫的女人,虽历经折磨,但在拿诺贝尔奖的道路上,她走的义无反顾且坦坦荡荡。
弗朗西丝•阿诺德出生于1956年7月25日,从小阿诺德就不是乖乖读书的“别人家的好孩子”。
她出生于匹兹堡的一个罗马天主教军人家庭,爸爸威廉霍华德·阿诺德博士毕业于普林斯顿大学,是美国的核物理学家、美国国家工程研究院院士。不仅如此,还是核电、核燃料和核废料处理领域的专家。并且在2004年, 被美国总统乔治·布什任命为美国核废物技术审查委员会委员。
青少年时期的阿诺德非常叛逆,因为抗议越南战争,从匹兹堡一个人搭车去DC,参加反对越战的抗议。高中时曾离开家搬进自己的公寓, 并在当地一家爵士乐俱乐部做鸡尾酒女招待, 赚钱支付房租。
这位17岁的女孩告诉店主她己经22岁了。“当然, 他们从来没有检查过我的证件”她说,她还开出租车来补充收入。
阿诺德说她是个成绩平平的学生,大家懂的,学霸都爱这么说,意料之中的被普林斯顿大学录取了,成为班里唯一一个女生。因为大学里必修课不多,花了很多时间学经济学、俄语和意大利语,和意大利的博士后拍拖,gap了一年去意大利造核电站零件。1979年,获得该校机械和航空航天工程学士学位。
据阿诺德说她本来根本就没想当科学家,梦想是当个外交官或者跨国公司CEO,但因为经历了石油危机和三哩岛事故,于是对新能源产生了兴趣,毕业之后去美国太阳能研究所,给偏远地区设计太阳能发电设施。里根上台之后美国能源政策转向,于是她重新回学校念书并获得加州大学伯克利分校化学工程博士学位。
半路遇到生物技术兴起,于是29岁的阿诺德加盟加州理工学院当生物化学工程师,她在加州理工学院的研究领域是绿色化学和替代能源,她的研究重点是开发具有潜力的、能用于医药和能源领域的蛋白质。
刚开始她很困惑,完全不知何从下手。但凭着超人的直觉和毅力,进行了数以千计的 "便宜而快速" 的实验。她的想法很简单,如果一个实验不行, 那我就做100万个实验, 有一个行就好。
一些同事认为阿诺德的穷举做法简单粗暴,因为同事们都在做小规模实验研究蛋白质合成的机理,就她一个人不耐烦想直接解决现实问题,说人们做育种都几千年了,自然界已经有办法给分子做优化了,干嘛不用呢。好些同行鄙视阿诺德,嘲讽她这根本不算科学,说绅士不搞随机瞎突变。
阿诺德女士说了:“我既不是科学家也不是绅士,你们爱说什么说什么,最后赚大了的是我,这东西好用啊!”
阿诺德不同寻常的做法最终取得了成果:不久她开发出了一种在高温下不分解的蛋白质。这种蛋白质有十分广泛的实际用途,比如用于制造洗衣洗涤剂和新药。
还被实验室好几个前辈批评狂妄自大,阿诺德女士的回答是:“没错啊我是真的狂妄——一点没假装。我做的事情就是要很重要很有用,对此我没有一丝一毫的怀疑。”
她还成立了一家生物燃料公司并且上市,然而发现自己还是比较擅长做科研,忍痛放弃了当CEO的童年梦想。。。。。
对于普通人来说,能有她人生里一段这样的经历就足够珍藏了啊!而她偏偏像耍杂耍一样,一个球接一个球的抓住抛起来抓住抛起来,玩儿的不亦乐乎,实在是人生赢家~
她是美国一位科学家和工程师。她开创了定向进化方法,用于制作有用的生物系统,包括:酶、代谢途径、遗传调节回路和有机体。并因此获得2018年诺贝尔化学奖。
此前,她发明的方法被许多奖项所认可, 包括2011德雷珀奖和2013国家技术和创新奖章,并于2011年入选美国艺术与科学院。
阿诺德是比较罕见的同时入选全美所有三个学术学院的专家:国家科学院, 国家工程学学院和医学研究院。是美国高等科学协会、美国艺术与科学院、美国微生物学科学院、美国医学和生物工程院院士。也是英国皇家工程学院外籍院士。
阿诺德教授的职业生涯成就榜
当选皇家工程学院国际研究员 (2018)
女工程师学会2017成就奖
达特茅斯学院科学博士荣誉学位 (2017)
千禧科技奖 (2016)
苏黎世科学博士荣誉学位 (2015)
入选国家发明家名人堂 (2014)
伊曼纽尔默克的演讲德国大学达姆施塔特, 德国 (2013)
国家技术和创新奖章 (2013)
埃尼奖 (2013)
查尔斯斯塔克德雷柏奖 (2011)
国际和杰能科工程会议酶工程奖 (2007)
奥巴马总统表彰国家顶尖科学家和创新者
但命运并没有特别眷顾这个在男性主打的领域出类拔萃的女科学家:2015年患上乳腺癌、两度丧夫、中年丧子,她所承受的打击非常人所能想像。靠着顽强的意志力把自己打造成了科学界独一无二的存在。
作为美国第一个获得诺贝尔化学奖的女性,阿诺德教授也是史上第五个获此奖的女性。
“我遇到很多的年轻人, 他们想按照一份菜单来规划自己的人生。”
“他们要我告诉他们成功的秘诀,可是我真的没有这种菜单。我一般跟着感觉走,很幸运地对一个充满机会的领域充满热情。”
“有时候也需要有意识地逆潮流而行。大多数创新的东西在当时对其他人来说并不显而易见,你必须相信自己。如果你有一个好主意, 尽管别人告诉你它并不怎么样,还是要坚持下去。”
在2017年加州理工学院毕业典礼上,她告诉学生们她的使命:“在大自然的启发下,我成为了生物世界的工程师,其目标是重写DNA以解决人类所面临的问题。”
她还谈到自己的人生观:“世界总是在变化,其中一些变化将是可怕的,并不总是对你有利。为了在不断变化的世界中生存甚至茁壮成长,大自然提供了另一个伟大的教训:幸存者是那些至少适应变化,甚至更好地学习从变化中获益并在智力和个人方面成长的人。这意味着仔细聆听和不断学习。这意味着在您的一生中重新评估您的选择并愿意做出调整。适应并不意味着接受,它当然并不意味着放弃——它意味着承担一些最艰难的挑战,作为成长和学习的新机会。”
诺奖官网对2018诺贝尔化学奖得主
弗朗西丝·阿诺德的采访
Frances H. Arnold: Hello.
Adam Smith: Oh, hello. Am I speaking with Frances Arnold?
Frances H. Arnold: You are, hi.
Adam Smith: Hi. I’m Adam Smith from Nobelprize.org. Congratulations on the award of the Nobel Prize.
Frances H. Arnold: Thank you.
Adam Smith: You sound very calm and collected in the middle of the night in Texas.
Frances H. Arnold: I’m not the least – I’m bouncing off the walls, but I’m trying to pretend to sound calm and collected.
Adam Smith: I imagine…you’re away from home, so perhaps somewhat protected from the immediate onslaught that’s going to happen today.
Frances H. Arnold: Well, I’m annoyed because I can’t reach my sons. They’re sound asleep. So, yes, I’m protected, but I’m also annoyed. They never answer the phone when mum calls.
Adam Smith: Well, not in the middle of the night at least, surely. You started as a mechanical engineer, and now I suppose you are a protein engineer. Do you think that is part of the secret of your success, that you came from a different field into biology and were able to see things differently?
Frances H. Arnold: I think there’s no doubt about that. I…I was able to look at the problem with a totally fresh set of eyes – a problem that had challenged people since the techniques were – of…of site-directed mutagenesis, for example, which won the Nobel Prize – were…were available. And I realised that the way that most people were going about protein engineering was doomed to failure.
Adam Smith: It’s a bold move though, to jump fields so radically.
Frances H. Arnold: Oh, well, I…I have four brothers and I’ve jumped into all sorts of things over my life, so learning new things has always been fun for me. Changing fields has been fun, and I still feel that way many years later.
Adam Smith: Would it be fair to say that what you do is to sort of manipulate nature’s inventiveness for our human benefit?
Frances H. Arnold: Well, I think that what I do is copying nature’s design process, right? Here…all this tremendous beauty and complexity of the biological world all comes about through this one simple, beautiful design algorithm, and what I do is use that algorithm to build new biological things. And to me it’s not…it’s obvious, it’s totally obvious that this is the way it should be done.
Adam Smith: Can you give me an example of one of your favourite things that you’ve been able to evolve?
Frances H. Arnold: Well, what I work on now is… someone asked me “What’s the funniest thing or what’s the best thing that you’ve ever done?” It’s always what I’m doing now. So what I’m going now is looking at this question of how do you evolve innovation. How does innovation happen? How do get a whole new chemical reactivity that you don’t know already exists in nature? How can I evolve a whole new species in…in essence, a whole new species of enzyme? And, so for example, making a carbon-silicon bond. Humans thought only they could do it, but we evolved an enzyme that does it better than humans do.
Adam Smith: And, absolutely, and I suppose nature’s doing this all the time. It’s coming up with new enzymes itself.
Frances H. Arnold: Of course, she is! Nature is solving all sorts of problems that we throw at her – how to degrade plastic bottles, how to degrade pesticides and herbicides and antibiotics. She creates new enzymes in response to that all the time, in real time.
Adam Smith: And I suppose that should allay the fears of people who say that humans shouldn’t be tinkering with nature. Well, nature’s tinkering with itself, so it’s not so different, really is it?
Frances H. Arnold: Well, we’ve been tinkering with nature for tens of thousands of years – look at a poodle! So we’ve created all sorts of organisms and biological things that wouldn’t be here were…were it not for us.
Adam Smith: That’s true, and poodles haven’t done much damage to us so far.
Frances H. Arnold: That’s right. And…and they solve all sorts of problems. Look at the agricultural revolution and food. Look at our farm animals. Look at our pets. These are human creations.
Adam Smith: Humanity needs science to get over the hurdles ahead.
Frances H. Arnold: That is really true. We need science and we need the smartest minds to work on these problems.
Adam Smith: You are already a member of all three National Academies of Sciences in the US; you have multiple awards. What do you think the Nobel Prize will mean to you?
Frances H. Arnold: Oh, my goodness! I don’t know yet. I haven’t had it very long.
Adam Smith: Let me rephrase the question. What does it mean to you at this moment?
Frances H. Arnold: At this moment, I’m absolutely thrilled and I can’t wait to get home and tell my sons.
Adam Smith: Really couldn’t be a better answer. Fantastic…well, we very much look forward to seeing you in Stockholm in December, and thank you very much for talking to me.
Frances H. Arnold: Thank you, Adam. OK.
Adam Smith: Bye bye.
Frances H. Arnold: Bye.